Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Muscle Coordination and Action01:24

Muscle Coordination and Action

2.0K
Muscle coordination is a complex and finely tuned process essential for smooth and purposeful movements like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation. The human body orchestrates the actions of various muscles working in concert, each with a specific role. Four functional types describe how muscles work together: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
Agonists
Agonist muscles, often called prime movers, are the primary muscles responsible for producing a specific movement....
2.0K
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

6.2K
Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
6.2K
Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

38.4K
The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
38.4K
Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

751
Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
751
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:24

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

902
The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
902
Peripherally and Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: A Comparison01:09

Peripherally and Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: A Comparison

3.7K
Skeletal muscle relaxants can target the central nervous system [CNS] to reduce muscle tension or act directly at the neuromuscular junction to induce temporary paralysis. These two classes of muscle relaxants are called centrally acting muscle relaxants and peripherally acting muscle relaxants. They differ in their action, mechanism, administration route, and clinical uses.
Centrally acting muscle relaxants can be further divided into spasmolytic and antispasmodic drugs. Spasmolytic...
3.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Two-Year Retention of Benefits After Paired Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Stroke: Follow-Up of the VNS-REHAB Randomized Clinical Trial.

Neurology·2026
Same author

Standardizing TMS Intensity Across Different Coils Using Individualized Electric Field Modeling.

Human brain mapping·2026
Same author

Parkinson's disease as a somato-cognitive action network disorder.

Nature·2026
Same author

"Tapping" into neural inhibition in focal hand dystonia: an evaluation of a finger-tapping task using TMS and fMRI.

Journal of neurology·2026
Same author

Long-Term Outcomes of Vagus Nerve Stimulation Paired With Upper Extremity Rehabilitation After Stroke.

Stroke·2025
Same author

Transcranial magnetic stimulation use with chronic vestibular disorders: A scoping review.

Journal of vestibular research : equilibrium & orientation·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Corticospinal Excitability Modulation During Action Observation
12:33

Corticospinal Excitability Modulation During Action Observation

Published on: December 31, 2013

9.0K

Somato-Cognitive Action Network in Focal Dystonia.

Yuchao Wang1,2, Baothy Huynh3, Jianxun Ren4

  • 1Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society
|August 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The somato-cognitive action network (SCAN) shows distinct functional changes in focal dystonia subtypes, suggesting it is a central pathology. This finding offers new insights into dystonia pathophysiology and potential treatments.

Keywords:
cerebellumconnectivity, precision functional mappingdisinhibitionfMRImotor cortextask‐specific dystonia

More Related Videos

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia
10:05

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia

Published on: January 27, 2018

9.8K
Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention
09:48

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention

Published on: September 11, 2017

10.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Corticospinal Excitability Modulation During Action Observation
12:33

Corticospinal Excitability Modulation During Action Observation

Published on: December 31, 2013

9.0K
Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia
10:05

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia

Published on: January 27, 2018

9.8K
Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention
09:48

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention

Published on: September 11, 2017

10.1K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Movement Disorders
  • Brain Imaging

Background:

  • The central pathology of idiopathic focal dystonia is not well understood.
  • The somato-cognitive action network (SCAN) has been recently implicated in dystonia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if the effector-agnostic SCAN is a shared central pathology across dystonia subtypes.
  • To determine if effector-specific brain regions show distinct functional changes in dystonia.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to study patients with laryngeal dystonia (LD) and focal hand dystonia (FHD).
  • Resting-state connectivity was analyzed within sensorimotor pathways, focusing on SCAN and related cortical/noncortical regions.
  • Individualized cortical and effector-specific regions (hand, larynx) were generated using task-based fMRI.

Main Results:

  • Both dystonia subtypes exhibited significant functional changes compared to controls.
  • SCAN showed higher connectivity to the mouth/larynx region and lower connectivity to the cingulo-opercular network.
  • Exploratory analysis revealed dystonia-dependent asynchronization between SCAN and the sensorimotor cerebellum.

Conclusions:

  • SCAN is uniquely associated with focal dystonia dysfunction, extending beyond effector-specific regions.
  • These findings provide novel insights into the pathophysiology of focal dystonia.
  • The results may inform the development of new treatment strategies for dystonia.