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Related Concept Videos

Induced Electric Fields: Applications01:27

Induced Electric Fields: Applications

An important distinction exists between the electric field induced by a changing magnetic field and the electrostatic field produced by a fixed charge distribution. Specifically, the induced electric field is nonconservative because it does not work in moving a charge over a closed path. In contrast, the electrostatic field is conservative and does no net work over a closed path. Hence, electric potential can be associated with the electrostatic field but not the induced field. The following...
Induced Electric Fields01:23

Induced Electric Fields

The fact that emfs are induced in circuits implies that work is being done on the conduction electrons in the wires. What can possibly be the source of this work? We know that it’s neither a battery nor a magnetic field, as a battery does not have to be present in a circuit where current is induced, and magnetic fields never do any work on moving charges. The source of the work is in fact an electric field that is induced in the wires. For example, if a stationary conductor is placed in a...

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How to Use the H1 Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Coil for Conditions Other than Depression
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Standardizing TMS Intensity Across Different Coils Using Individualized Electric Field Modeling.

Evgenii Kim1,2, Mohammad Daneshzand1,2, Keren Zhu1,2

  • 1Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Human Brain Mapping
|May 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Resting motor thresholds (rMTs) for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) vary by coil. This study shows rMT reflects a consistent cortical electric field, enabling coil-independent intensity prediction and reducing patient discomfort.

Keywords:
dosingelectrical field stimulationneuronavigationtranscranial magnetic stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) requires standardized intensity for therapeutic and research consistency.
  • Current methods using resting motor thresholds (rMTs) are coil-dependent, necessitating re-thresholding and introducing variability.
  • A fundamental question exists whether rMT reflects a consistent cortical electric field (E-field) magnitude irrespective of coil geometry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the hypothesis that rMT corresponds to a coil-invariant cortical E-field magnitude.
  • To evaluate a computational method for predicting TMS stimulator output across different coils using a reference rMT.
  • To compare the accuracy of E-field-based prediction using detailed and simplified head models against direct scaling.

Main Methods:

  • Recruited thirteen healthy participants for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) using two figure-of-eight coils of different sizes.
  • Simulated E-field distributions using a fast multipole boundary element method within personalized MRI-based head models.
  • Compared rMT prediction accuracy between detailed (five-layer) and simplified (three-layer) models against direct rMT scaling.

Main Results:

  • The personalized E-field-based approach significantly improved rMT prediction accuracy over direct scaling (p < 0.001).
  • Root-mean-square error (RMSE) was 1.26-1.32% of maximum stimulator output (MSO) for E-field models, versus 6.1% MSO for direct scaling.
  • Individual rMT was found to correspond to a constant cortical E-field magnitude ratio across coil types.

Conclusions:

  • Individual rMT reflects a consistent cortical E-field magnitude, independent of coil geometry.
  • E-field-based prediction provides a more accurate, coil-independent method for standardizing TMS intensity.
  • This approach reduces the need for repeated thresholding, enhancing patient comfort and study consistency.