Natalizumab-Associated Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy After Natalizumab Extended Interval Dosing Therapy...

To describe 5 confirmed cases of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (NTZ-PML) in Japan.

The Nationwide PML Surveillance Committee requires mandatory registration of all natalizumab cases and reporting by affiliated facilities conducting JC DNA testing. Suspected PML cases were reviewed by the committee and classified as definite, probable, possible, or non-PML based on established diagnostic criteria.

From 2016 to 2024, the nationwide PML surveillance committee identified 8 NTZ-PML cases, of which 5 (all women and relapsing-remitting types) were registered as clinically definite PML cases. Four cases involved a switch from other disease-modifying drugs, while one involved natalizumab as the first-line treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS). In all cases, extended interval dosing therapy (EID) every 6-8 weeks was administered for at least 1 year before PML onset, and 3 cases had received EID from the outset. At PML onset, the viral DNA levels in the CSF were ≤100 copies/mL in 3 cases.

Given the high prevalence of JC virus antibody positivity in Japan, additional risk factors may contribute to NTZ-PML susceptibility. Although EID of natalizumab is expected to reduce PML risk, its effectiveness may be limited, particularly in Japanese individuals with high JC virus antibody titers.