Strategies for fabricating aligned nano- and microfiber scaffolds: an overview for cell culture applications

The rapidly growing demand for cell manufacturing and in vitro tissue fabrication has led to the development of various technologies for biomimetic artificial extracellular matrix (ECM), including three major materials: hydrogels, fibrous scaffolds, and decellularized tissues. The latter two materials are closer to the biomimetic goal of replicating natural ECM. The scalability of the scaffolds made of decellularized tissues is limited. The development of 3D fibrous ECM is at the initial stage owing to the recent advantages of novel nanofiber spinning technologies. These novel technologies brought about simultaneous control over a range of critical characteristics, such as fiber diameter, length, material, draw ratio, spacing, and alignment into well-controlled 3D constructs. There is still a long way to go in designing 3D fibrous scaffolds based on cell response studies. The primary objective of this review is to provide an analysis of the recent progress in novel nano- and microfiber spinning methods and uncover their potential for precise fiber alignment into 3D structures.