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Members Made of Elastoplastic Material

Members Made of Elastoplastic Material

The behavior of elastoplastic materials under bending stresses, particularly in structural members with rectangular cross-sections, is crucial for predicting material responses and understanding failure modes. Initially, when a bending moment is applied, the stress distribution across the section follows Hooke's Law and is linear and elastic. This distribution means the stress increases from the neutral axis to the maximum at the outer fibers, up to the elastic limit.
As the bending moment...

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Updated: May 6, 2026

Fabrication of Soft Pneumatic Network Actuators with Oblique Chambers

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Published on: August 17, 2018

Multi-Responsive 4D-Printed Soft Active Material toward Shape-Reconfigurable Actuators.

Bhanendra Sahu¹, Nishikanta Singh¹, Sudipta Paul¹

¹Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, Durg, Chhattisgarh, 491001, India.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|August 29, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a 4D-printed soft active material (SAM) with dual responsiveness for programmable shape changes. The advanced SAM shows potential in environmental cleanup and soft robotics.

Keywords:

4D printing multi‐responsive shape reconfigurable actuator soft active material

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Polymer Chemistry
Robotics

Background:

Developing 4D-printed soft active materials (SAMs) with programmable shape transformations and multifunctionality is challenging.
Existing SAMs often lack precise control over shape morphing and multi-stimuli responsiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

To design and develop a 4D-printed, dual-responsive SAM with tunable mechanical properties and precise shape morphing.
To explore the material's potential in environmental remediation and soft robotics applications.

Main Methods:

Synthesized a 4-arm star poly(N, N-dimethyl acrylamide)-block-poly(dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate)-Br (4-arm star (PDMA-b-PDMAEMA)4-Br) diblock copolymer and integrated it with acrylic acid (AA).
Utilized 3D printing to fabricate complex 3D architectures with pre-designed infill patterns.
Investigated thermal and pH responsiveness, shape fixation, shape recovery, and dye removal capabilities.

Main Results:

The 4D-printed SAM exhibited excellent printability, high shape fixation, and rapid shape recovery at 44 °C.
Demonstrated pH-responsive swelling for selective dye removal (≈96% cationic dye at pH 10.5, ≈65% anionic dye at pH 4.5).
A SAM-based robotic actuator successfully lifted weights, indicating potential for soft robotics.

Conclusions:

The developed dual-responsive SAM offers precise shape morphing and multi-stimuli responsiveness.
The material shows significant potential for applications in sustainable environmental technologies, advanced safety systems, biomedical engineering, and intelligent actuators.
Highlights the versatility of SAM for 4D-printed adaptive systems.