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Related Concept Videos

The Ras Gene02:38

The Ras Gene

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The Ras-gene-encoded proteins are regulators of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or cell survival. The Ras-gene family in humans constitutes three primary members—the HRas, NRas, and KRas. These genes code for four functionally distinct yet closely related proteins—the HRas, NRas, KRas4A, and KRas4B. The involvement of mutant Ras genes in human cancer was first discovered in 1982 and is among the most common causes of human tumorigenesis.
Ras is a...
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Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes01:33

Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes

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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
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Hazard Ratio01:12

Hazard Ratio

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The hazard ratio (HR) is a widely used measure in clinical trials to compare the risk of events, such as death or disease recurrence, between two groups over time. It reflects the ratio of hazard rates—the instantaneous risk of the event occurring—between a treatment group and a control group. This measure provides valuable insights into the relative effectiveness of a treatment by assessing how the risk of an event differs between the two groups.
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Small GTPases - Ras and Rho01:24

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Ras and Rho are small monomeric GTPases that act downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and regulate various cellular processes. These GTPases switch between active and inactive states by binding to guanine nucleotides.
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
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Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes01:05

Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes

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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
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Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Detection of a Circulating MicroRNA Custom Panel in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
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Proto-Oncogene HRAS Transcript Level and Overall Survival in Stages II and III Colorectal Cancer.

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  • 1Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.

Cancer Medicine
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Summary

High HRAS gene expression, not typically considered oncogenic, is linked to better survival in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. This finding challenges existing notions about RAS genes and suggests HRAS as a potential prognostic biomarker.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The mutational landscape of colorectal cancer (CRC) significantly impacts prognosis.
  • RAS oncogenes like KRAS and NRAS with driver mutations are associated with poor outcomes.
  • Pathologic HRAS mutations are rare, and their prognostic significance is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between RAS gene expression and survival outcomes in Stages II and III CRC.
  • To explore the prognostic value of HRAS transcript levels in colorectal cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of tumor RNA-Seq data from the ORIEN alliance.
  • Analysis focused on patients with Stages II and III colorectal cancer.

Main Results:

  • High transcript levels of HRAS were significantly associated with superior overall survival (OS).
  • The OS benefit from high HRAS was most evident in patients with right-sided tumors, low KRAS transcript levels, and no pathologic KRAS mutations.

Conclusions:

  • High HRAS transcript levels correlate with improved OS in Stages II and III CRC, contrary to the general understanding of RAS genes as proto-oncogenic.
  • HRAS warrants further investigation as a potential prognostic biomarker in colorectal cancer.