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Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Orthotopic Injection of Breast Cancer Cells into the Mammary Fat Pad of Mice to Study Tumor Growth.

Orthotopic Injection of Breast Cancer Cells into the Mammary Fat Pad of Mice to Study Tumor Growth.

Published on: February 8, 2015

Locally Reprogramming Tumor-Associated Macrophages with Cytokine-Loaded Injectable Cryogels for Breast Cancer.

Sydney R Henriques¹, Evan B Glass¹, Kristen L Hoek²

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA.

Annals of Biomedical Engineering

|August 29, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Injectable alginate cryogels reprogram immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) into an anti-tumor M1-like state. This localized therapy reduces breast tumor growth and T-cell exhaustion by creating an inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME).

Keywords:

Breast cancer Cryogels Cytokines Immunotherapy Macrophages Tumor microenvironment

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Last Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Orthotopic Injection of Breast Cancer Cells into the Mammary Fat Pad of Mice to Study Tumor Growth.

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Published on: February 8, 2015

Stereotactic Adoptive Transfer of Cytotoxic Immune Cells in Murine Models of Orthotopic Human Glioblastoma Multiforme Xenografts

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3D Microtissues for Injectable Regenerative Therapy and High-throughput Drug Screening

3D Microtissues for Injectable Regenerative Therapy and High-throughput Drug Screening

Published on: October 4, 2017

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Immunology
Cancer Research

Background:

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are key immune cells in solid tumors, often promoting tumor growth with an immunosuppressive M2 phenotype.
Reprogramming TAMs via cytokine signaling offers a strategy to create an anti-tumor immune response.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an injectable alginate cryogel depot for localized cytokine delivery.
To investigate the cryogel's ability to reprogram TAMs and establish an inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME).

Main Methods:

Cryogel fabrication via cryogelation and ionic crosslinking for a macroporous structure.
In vitro studies with macrophages and tumor explants; in vivo studies using orthotopic breast tumor models in mice.
Analysis of cell and tissue composition using qRT-PCR, flow cytometry, and Luminex panels.

Main Results:

Cryogels effectively released cytokines, recruited M2 macrophages, and induced M1-like repolarization in vitro.
In vivo, cryogel treatment increased M1/M2 macrophage ratios in tumors and lungs, suppressed primary tumor growth, and reduced T-cell exhaustion.

Conclusions:

Localized cryogel depots can induce an inflammatory TME, reducing tumor burden and T-cell exhaustion.
This approach avoids systemic toxicities associated with traditional cytokine delivery methods.