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Translational Regulation01:29

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...
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The bidirectional interplay between RNA processing and mechanotransduction.

Gabrielle B Bais1, Jimena Giudice2

  • 1Curriculum in Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Integrated Vascular Biology Training Program, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.

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|August 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cells sense mechanical forces through mechanotransduction, influencing gene expression via RNA processing. This review highlights how mechanical cues impact alternative splicing and polyadenylation, crucial for cellular responses.

Keywords:
CP: Cell biologyCP: Molecular biology

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Cells perceive and react to mechanical stimuli via mechanotransduction.
  • RNA processing, including splicing and polyadenylation, fine-tunes gene expression.
  • Mechanotransduction converts mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals that regulate gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the links between mechanotransduction and RNA processing.
  • To focus on the impact of mechanical forces on alternative splicing and polyadenylation.
  • To explore how RNA processing influences the function of mechanosensory proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies.
  • Description of molecular players in mechanotransduction.
  • Examination of RNA-binding protein functions under mechanical force.
  • Summary of gene splicing and polyadenylation changes in response to mechanical cues.

Main Results:

  • Mechanotransduction pathways are modulated by RNA processing mechanisms.
  • Mechanical forces influence the activity and function of RNA-binding proteins.
  • Genes encoding mechanosensory proteins exhibit alternative splicing, affecting isoform functions.
  • Mechanical forces alter global alternative splicing and polyadenylation patterns.

Conclusions:

  • There is a significant interplay between cellular mechanical sensing and RNA processing.
  • Alternative splicing and polyadenylation are key regulatory nodes in mechanotransduction.
  • Understanding these links is crucial for comprehending cellular responses to mechanical environments.