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Electroencephalographic Functional Connectivity Patterns in Children With Tourette Syndrome and

Simon Morand-Beaulieu¹, Julia Zhong², Karim Ibrahim²

¹Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.

Pediatric Neurology

|August 30, 2025

Summary

Tourette syndrome (TS) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) both reduce brain connectivity. While neural effects are additive, combined conditions uniquely impact behavior, necessitating consideration of shared and distinct mechanisms.

Keywords:

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Electroencephalography Functional connectivity Neural oscillations Tourette syndrome

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Child Psychology
Psychiatry

Background:

Tourette syndrome (TS) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently co-occur.
Both conditions are linked to emotional and behavioral difficulties.
Shared and distinct neural underpinnings, especially functional connectivity, are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate differences in functional connectivity between TS and ADHD.
To examine the association between functional connectivity and emotional/behavioral difficulties.

Main Methods:

Resting-state EEG was recorded from 137 children (TS, ADHD, TS + ADHD, controls).
Functional connectivity was computed in five frequency bands from source-reconstructed EEG.
Behavioral and emotional problems were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist.

Main Results:

Both TS and ADHD were independently linked to reduced functional connectivity.
No interaction effect was found for neural connectivity.
A TS by ADHD interaction emerged for externalizing problems, showing distinct connectivity patterns in TS + ADHD.

Conclusions:

TS and ADHD are associated with decreased functional connectivity, with additive neural effects.
Interactions between TS and ADHD significantly influence emotional and behavioral functioning.
Both shared and disorder-specific mechanisms are crucial for understanding TS and ADHD.