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Reduced susceptibility to experimentally-induced complex visual hallucinations with age.

Oris Shenyan1, Laura Haye2, Georgia A Milne1

  • 1Experimental Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.

Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior
|August 30, 2025
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Summary

Older adults report fewer complex visual hallucinations than younger adults. This reduction in hallucination proneness appears to be a normal part of aging, not explained by cognitive or sensory changes.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Visual hallucinations can occur in various conditions and be experimentally induced.
  • Lifespan changes in hallucination proneness are not well understood, with prior studies yielding mixed results.
  • Age-related sensory changes and reliance on prior knowledge may influence hallucination proneness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how hallucination proneness changes across the adult lifespan.
  • To compare complex and simple hallucination experiences in younger and older healthy adults.
  • To determine if cognitive or sensory factors mediate age-related differences in hallucination proneness.

Main Methods:

  • Studied 44 healthy adults (19-79 years) divided into younger (19-39) and older (59-79) groups.
  • Quantified hallucination proneness using an experimental environment designed to elicit hallucinations.
  • Assessed cognitive and sensory measures including visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and suggestibility.

Main Results:

  • Older adults reported significantly fewer complex hallucinations compared to younger adults.
  • This difference was observed in both real-time reporting and retrospective accounts.
  • No tested cognitive or sensory measures mediated the relationship between age and complex hallucination proneness.

Conclusions:

  • Reduced proneness to complex hallucinations is likely a characteristic of typical aging.
  • Experiencing hallucinations in older individuals may indicate underlying pathology rather than normal aging.
  • Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms behind age-related changes in hallucination proneness.