Circular RNAs in Liver Diseases

Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a class of recently discovered noncoding RNAs, exhibit a distinctive feature in comparison to other noncoding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). They are characterized by the formation of a covalent bond between the 3' and 5' ends through a process known as back-splicing, rendering them remarkably resistant to degradation by exonucleases, particularly RNase R. This inherent stability contributes to their prolonged expression compared to their linear counterparts. Recent investigations have unveiled the pivotal role of circRNAs in the regulation of gene expression through various mechanisms, including the modulation of host gene splicing, acting as miRNA sponges, interacting with proteins, and even demonstrating translational capabilities to produce proteins. These diverse functions position circRNAs as key players in the complex landscape of the pathogenesis of various diseases, including liver disease. Unraveling the intricate involvement of circRNAs in these liver disorders provides valuable insights into their diagnostic and therapeutic potential. This chapter aims to comprehensively examine the current body of literature, consolidating our understanding of the complex regulatory networks orchestrated by circRNAs in liver pathophysiology. Additionally, it strives to identify potential avenues for therapeutic intervention and diagnostic innovation, thus contributing to the burgeoning field of precision medicine in liver disease management.