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Phase II Reactions: Acetylation Reactions

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Acetylation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, introduces an acetyl group to drugs or their metabolites. Acetyltransferase enzymes facilitate this reaction, which resembles α-amino acid conjugation due to the addition of a functional group to the drug molecule.
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In vitro acetyltransferase activity assays for N-terminal acetyltransferases.

Taining Li¹, David C Schultz², Ronen Marmorstein¹

¹Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Abramson Family Cancer Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.

Methods in Enzymology

|August 31, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

New assays for N-terminal acetyltransferases (NATs) enable researchers to study protein acetylation. These methods support the development of NAT-targeted therapeutics for various diseases linked to altered NAT activity.

Keywords:

Acetyl-CoA synthetase short-chain (ACSS)Fluorescence assay High-throughput screening (HTS)In-vitro activity assays Luminescence assay N-terminal acetyltransferases (NATs)Radioactivity assay

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Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Molecular Biology
Enzymology

Background:

N-terminal acetyltransferases (NATs) are crucial enzymes involved in protein acetylation.
Dysregulation of NAT activity is implicated in various human diseases.
Robust assays are needed to study NAT function and develop targeted therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

To present and compare three distinct in vitro assays for evaluating N-terminal acetyltransferase (NAT) activity.
To assess the utility of these assays in basic research and drug discovery.

Main Methods:

A sensitive radioactive assay.
A scalable fluorescence-based assay.
A luminescence-coupled assay suitable for high-throughput screening.

Main Results:

The study compared the performance of the three assays using human NatB as a model.
Differences in sensitivity, substrate specificity, and inhibitor detection were highlighted.
All three methods demonstrated utility in studying NATs.

Conclusions:

The developed in vitro assays provide valuable tools for investigating NATs.
These assays facilitate the study of NATs in basic research and support the discovery of NAT-targeted therapeutics.