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Racial Stress, Social Support, and Racial Socialization Among Rural Black Mothers: Associations With Preschoolers'

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Black mothers use racial socialization to manage stress, but its impact on child executive function varies. Social support is crucial, especially under high racial stress, influencing strategy use and child outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Sociology
  • Child Development

Background:

  • Racial stress profoundly impacts Black mothers and their children.
  • Racial socialization strategies are employed by mothers to mitigate race-related stress.
  • The Racial Encounter Coping Appraisal and Socialization Theory provides a framework for understanding these dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interplay of racial stress, social support, and racial socialization in low-income, rural Black mothers.
  • To examine the association between these maternal factors and preschoolers' executive functioning.
  • To test the moderating role of maternal racial stress on the relationship between racial socialization and child executive functioning.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from 437 low-income, rural Black mothers and their preschool-aged children.
  • Collected longitudinal data on maternal social support over three years.
  • Assessed maternal racial stress, racial socialization practices, and preschoolers' executive functioning via laboratory tasks.

Main Results:

  • Both racial stress and social support predicted the adoption of racial socialization strategies.
  • Social support positively influenced cultural socialization, particularly under conditions of high racial stress.
  • Maternal racial stress moderated the link between specific racial socialization strategies and child executive functioning.

Conclusions:

  • The effectiveness of racial socialization strategies, such as preparation for bias and promotion of mistrust, is contingent on the level of maternal racial stress.
  • Preparation for bias was linked to lower executive functioning under high stress; promotion of mistrust was linked to lower executive functioning under low stress.
  • Supportive networks and context-sensitive racial socialization are vital for positive outcomes for Black mothers and children facing racial stress.