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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) relies on the Beer-Lambert law, which requires that the radiation source emits a narrow range of wavelengths to match the absorption characteristics of the analyte atom. The primary criteria for choosing an appropriate radiation source in AAS is to provide a precise and intense emission at specific wavelengths that will allow accurate detection of the analyte.
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In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
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Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects

A perfect crystal, in theory, has a uniform structure with the same unit cell and lattice points throughout. However, any deviation from this periodic arrangement is known as an imperfection or defect. These defects can be categorized into three types: point, line, and plane defects.Point defects occur when there is a deviation from the ideal due to missing atoms, displaced atoms, or additional atoms. These imperfections might occur due to imperfect packing during crystallization or because of...
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Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...

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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Design, Fabrication, and Experimental Characterization of Plasmonic Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters
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Bismuth Plasmonic Antennas.

Michael Foltýn1, Tomáš Šikola1,2, Michal Horák1

  • 1Brno University of Technology, Central European Institute of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno 612 00, Czech Republic.

ACS Nano
|September 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bismuth antennas show tunable plasmon resonances across visible and near-infrared spectra, correlating antenna size and shape with optical properties. This positions bismuth as a cost-effective alternative to gold for plasmonic applications.

Keywords:
bismuthelectron energy loss spectroscopylocalized surface plasmonsnanophotonicsplasmonic antennas

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Optics

Background:

  • Plasmonic materials enable light manipulation at the nanoscale.
  • Gold is a common plasmonic metal but is expensive.
  • Bismuth offers theoretical advantages in spectral bandwidth for plasmonics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate the relationship between bismuth plasmonic antenna geometry and optical properties.
  • To assess bismuth as a viable, low-cost alternative to gold for plasmonic devices.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of bar-shaped and bowtie bismuth antennas using focused ion beam lithography.
  • Characterization of antenna structure and optical properties via scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy.

Main Results:

  • Bismuth antennas support localized surface plasmon resonances.
  • Antenna dipole modes are tunable from the near-infrared to the visible spectrum by altering antenna size.
  • Bismuth exhibits a plasmon dispersion relation similar to gold, maintaining performance at higher energies.

Conclusions:

  • Experimental validation of bismuth's tunable plasmonic properties based on antenna design.
  • Bismuth demonstrates comparable plasmonic performance to gold, especially at higher energies.
  • Bismuth is a promising, cost-effective material for advanced plasmonic applications.