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Related Concept Videos

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:24

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
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The reticular formation is a complex network of gray and white matter located within the brainstem extending from the medulla to the midbrain.
Within the reticular formation, there are several distinct nuclei that can be classified into three broad categories. The Raphe nuclei are located along the midline of the brainstem. They are primarily known for their role in synthesizing and releasing serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in regulating mood, appetite, sleep, and circadian rhythms. The...
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The brain is an integral component of the nervous system and serves as the center for processing sensory inputs, making decisions, and directing bodily actions. This complex organ is organized into three primary sections: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, each responsible for a range of vital functions.
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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Large-scale Three-dimensional Imaging of Cellular Organization in the Mouse Neocortex
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Cortico-subcortical converging organization at rest.

Dheemant Jallepalli1,2, Shilpa Dang3

  • 1Network & Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Centre for Brain Science & Applications, School of Artificial Intelligence & Data Science, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India.

Scientific Reports
|September 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The human brain

Keywords:
Cortico-subcortical circuitsIntegrationNetwork hubsResting state fMRIResting state networkSegregation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Brain Imaging
  • Network Science

Background:

  • The human brain exhibits local segregation and global integration.
  • The resting-state configuration of the subcortex within these dynamics is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the organizational principles of the human subcortex at rest.
  • To determine the subcortex's role in large-scale brain dynamics and information integration.

Main Methods:

  • Resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) data from 92 healthy adults.
  • Network science for topological analysis.
  • Statistical modeling to assess subcortical contributions to cortical integration.

Main Results:

  • Identified three distinct subcortical networks (thalamus, basal ganglia, limbic structures).
  • Revealed that approximately 80% of subcortical regions function as hubs.
  • Demonstrated a many-to-one mapping of cortical networks converging onto subcortical regions, driven by cortical functional diversity.

Conclusions:

  • The subcortex is organized into segregated networks at rest.
  • Subcortical hubs play a critical role in integrating information within the cortico-subcortical system.
  • Subcortical regions are essential for efficient information transmission in large-scale brain organization.