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Related Concept Videos

Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

657
Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Leveling Effect01:29

Leveling Effect

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In acid-base chemistry, the leveling effect refers to the limitation imposed by the solvent on the strength of acids and bases in solution. When a base stronger than the solvent's conjugate base is used, it deprotonates the solvent until the base is entirely consumed, making it ineffective against weaker acids. Conversely, an acid stronger than the solvent's conjugate acid protonates the solvent until the acid is depleted, rendering it ineffective against weaker bases. Essentially, the...
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Leveling Effect and Non-Aqueous Acid-Base Solutions02:11

Leveling Effect and Non-Aqueous Acid-Base Solutions

8.3K
This lesson defines the leveling effect in acidic and basic solutions and its role in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions. It is essential to understand the competing nature of various species in a chemical system.
The Leveling Effect of a Solvent
A generic acid (HA) reacts with the generic base (B-) to yield the corresponding conjugate base (A-) and conjugate acid (HB):
8.3K
Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents01:16

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents

954
Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...
954
Extraction: Effects of pH00:53

Extraction: Effects of pH

710
Consider a neutral form of an amine, B, with a partition coefficient, K, in a liquid mixture containing organic and aqueous phases. The pH of the aqueous phase affects the charge on acidic and basic solutes, and the charged form is usually more soluble in the aqueous phase. Suppose the conjugate acid form of the amine is soluble only in the aqueous phase while the base form is soluble in both phases. Then the distribution coefficient, D, can be given as the ratio of amine concentration in the...
710
Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis01:13

Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis

3.1K
Hydrolysis of esters under acidic conditions proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. In the presence of excess water, the reaction proceeds in a reversible manner, forming carboxylic acids and alcohols.
During hydrolysis, the ester is first activated towards nucleophilic attack through the protonation of the carboxyl oxygen atom by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the ester carbonyl carbon more electrophilic. In the next step, water acts as a nucleophile and adds to the...
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Pickering Emulsified Acid Systems (PEAS): A Promising Approach for Reduced Drag in Matrix Acidizing.

Ala Al-Dogail1, Rahul Gajbhiye1,2, Abdullah Sultan1,2

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This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a Pickering emulsified acid system (PEAS) using organoclay nanoparticles to reduce friction and improve matrix acidizing in oil wells. PEAS offers better thermal stability and lower energy use compared to traditional emulsified acid systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Petroleum Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Matrix acidizing enhances oil and gas well productivity in carbonate reservoirs.
  • Conventional hydrochloric acid (HCl) systems face challenges like high corrosivity and poor thermal stability.
  • Existing emulsified acid systems (EAS) improve acid penetration but suffer from high viscosity and energy demands.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel Pickering emulsified acid system (PEAS) using organoclay (OC) nanoparticles as emulsifiers.
  • To evaluate the thermal stability, compatibility, and drag-reducing properties of the PEAS.
  • To assess the performance of PEAS in matrix acidizing operations compared to conventional EAS.

Main Methods:

  • Formulation of PEAS using organoclay nanoparticles as solid-particle emulsifiers.
  • Comparative flow-loop tests of PEAS and traditional EAS with 15% and 20% HCl at temperatures ranging from 25-50 °C.
  • Postflow characterization including conductivity, stability, and rheology analyses.

Main Results:

  • PEAS demonstrated significantly lower frictional pressure drops compared to traditional EAS.
  • Organoclay nanoparticles provided enhanced thermal stability, compatibility, and drag reduction.
  • Postflow analyses confirmed the structural robustness and field-relevant performance of PEAS.

Conclusions:

  • PEAS is a promising alternative to conventional EAS for matrix acidizing.
  • The use of OC nanoparticles in PEAS improves fluid performance and reduces energy consumption.
  • PEAS offers a more environmentally friendly and efficient approach to matrix acidizing operations.