Oral White Sponge Nevus: A Rare Case Report

White sponge nevus (WSN) is a rare, benign genetic disorder characterized by distinctive white or gray mucosal lesions, most commonly affecting the oral cavity. Inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, WSN results from mutations in keratin genes-primarily KRT4 and KRT13. These mutations lead to the development of thick, spongy plaques in the oral mucosa, with extraoral involvement more commonly associated with KRT13 mutations. The condition typically manifests in early childhood, presenting as painless, persistent white plaques. Diagnosis is usually based on clinical evaluation, although histopathological examination can provide confirmation. WSN is generally asymptomatic and does not require treatment; however, its cosmetic appearance may cause psychological discomfort. Although malignant transformation is rare, certain antimicrobial therapies have shown promise in symptom management. This report describes a case of WSN in a 23-year-old Iranian woman, detailing the clinical presentation, diagnostic process, and potential treatment strategies. Despite its benign nature, further research into the pathogenesis and therapeutic options is essential to improve patient care and quality of life.