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Related Concept Videos

Endocarditis I: Introduction01:25

Endocarditis I: Introduction

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Introduction:Endocarditis is the infection of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart and its valves. When the heart muscle is involved, the condition is termed myocarditis, while an infection of the outer lining is called pericarditis. Infective endocarditis (IE) primarily affects the endocardium, where pathogens adhere to the valves or lining, forming vegetation that can lead to severe complications. Infective endocarditis occurs when microorganisms, usually bacteria from other body...
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Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis01:25

Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis

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Endocarditis can present various clinical features depending on the causative organism and the patient's underlying health conditions. Initially, the clinical features of infective endocarditis develop gradually, presenting with nonspecific symptoms that can be easily mistaken for other illnesses.General SymptomsEarly symptoms of infective endocarditis are fever, chills, weakness, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. These symptoms reflect the systemic nature of the infection and the body's...
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Endocarditis III: Medical Management01:18

Endocarditis III: Medical Management

17
Infective endocarditis management involves a multifaceted approach encompassing infection prevention, lifestyle modifications, pharmacological therapy, and surgical management.Infection Prevention:Hand Hygiene: Thorough handwashing is crucial to prevent the spread of infection. Hand hygiene should be performed regularly, especially before and after using the restroom.Oral Hygiene: Good oral hygiene is essential. It includes brushing teeth immediately after waking up and before bed, flossing...
17
Endocarditis IV: Nursing Management01:29

Endocarditis IV: Nursing Management

27
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a chronic infection of the heart's endocardium, primarily affecting the heart valves. A detailed nursing assessment for a patient with IE involves collecting subjective and objective data to ensure an accurate diagnosis and timely intervention.Subjective DataThe nurse gathers information about the patient's symptoms and complaints during the subjective assessment. Patients with infective endocarditis often report non-specific symptoms that can mimic other...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

34
Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
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A Rare Case of Quadrivalvular Infective Endocarditis.

Mahidhar Jeedigunta1, Padmakumar R1, Krishnananda2

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.

Case Reports in Medicine
|September 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Quadrivalvular infective endocarditis, affecting all four heart valves, is exceptionally rare, especially when caused by Granulicatella. This case highlights a unique instance and emphasizes prompt diagnosis and treatment for better outcomes.

Keywords:
Granulicatella adiacens infective endocarditisinfective endocarditis in congenital heart diseasesquadrivalvular infective endocarditisquadrivalvular vegetations

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Infective endocarditis (IE) is a severe infection with high mortality.
  • Quadrivalvular IE, involving all four heart valves, is exceedingly rare.
  • Nutritionally variant streptococci, such as Granulicatella, are uncommon causes of IE.

Observation:

  • A rare case of quadrivalvular IE caused by Granulicatella adiacens in a female patient with a ventricular septal defect.
  • The patient presented with fever, congestive heart failure, anemia, glomerulonephritis, and abdominal pain.
  • Vegetations were observed on all four heart valves (pulmonary, tricuspid, mitral, aortic) with associated regurgitation.

Findings:

  • Blood cultures confirmed Granulicatella adiacens as the causative agent.
  • The patient showed clinical improvement with antibiotics, decongestive therapy, and blood transfusion.
  • Quadrivalvular IE due to Granulicatella has not been previously documented.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the importance of considering rare pathogens in complex IE cases.
  • Congenital heart disease can predispose individuals to infective endocarditis.
  • Timely diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing severe cases of infective endocarditis.