Progress in the application of graphene-based nanomaterials for gas adsorption and mitigation of air pollution

Graphene-based materials (GBMs) have emerged as versatile and efficient candidates for gas adsorption and air pollution mitigation, particularly targeting CO _x , NO _x , SO _x , and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This review highlights recent advances in the design and fabrication of GBMs, including green synthesis, heteroatom doping, and metal oxide hybridization. Emphasis is placed on emerging fabrication strategies that enhance porosity, surface chemistry, and gas selectivity. Notably, nitrogen-doped graphene has been shown to improve NO _x adsorption by up to 45%, while rGO-metal oxide composites demonstrate enhanced CO₂ selectivity under low humidity conditions. We analyse performance data trends and benchmark results from recent studies, outlining the key factors influencing adsorption efficiency. The sustainable development of GBMs using biomass and industrial waste precursors is also explored within the context of the circular economy. Finally, the review underscores the importance of integrating techno-economic analysis (TEA) into future research to support the scalable deployment of GBMs in industrial gas separation technologies.