Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 5, 2026

Vascularized Composite Hand Allograft Procurement and Preparation for Distal and Proximal Forearm Allotransplantation: A Stepwise Approach
Published on: May 23, 2025
Allograft Prosthetic Composites in Complex Primary and Revision Shoulder and Elbow Arthroplasty
Jacob J Triplet1, Joaquin Sanchez-Sotelo, Adnan N Cheema
1From the Division of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Indiana University Health, Muncie, IN (Triplet), the Division of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (Sanchez-Sotelo, and Morrey), Division of Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery MayoClinic, Rochester, MN (Houdek), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Aspirus St. Luke's Hospital, Duluth, MN (Cheema).
Abstract:
Substantial bone loss at the time of complex primary and revision shoulder or elbow arthroplasty is challenging. Large bone defects compromise component support and important muscle-tendon units. Megaprosthesis, osteoarticular allografts, vascularized bone transfers, fusions, and allograft prosthetic composites (APCs) have all been described for reconstruction in these difficult situations. APCs increase bone stock and provide a better opportunity for soft-tissue reconstruction; however, they are prone to other complications, including graft resorption, nonunion, and fracture. This article provides a comprehensive understanding and review of the benefits and disadvantages of APC utilization in shoulder and elbow arthroplasty. Technical considerations are discussed to maximize functional outcomes. Moreover, advances in templating and three-dimensional printing offer a promising future for planning, precise preparation, and surgical efficiency of APC use in upper extremity arthroplasty.
Related Concept Videos
Fractures: Bone Repair
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
Structural Joints: Synovial Joints
Ankle Joint

