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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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CRISPR01:59

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
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Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR01:23

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR

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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...
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Transduction01:16

Transduction

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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 9, 2025

A New Toolkit for Evaluating Gene Functions using Conditional Cas9 Stabilization
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Cas9 beyond CRISPR - SUMOylation, effector-like potential and pathogenic adaptation.

Umut Sahin1

  • 1Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabancı University, Istanbul, Turkey.

The FEBS Journal
|September 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing tool may have unrecognized effector functions in host cells, potentially modulated by host post-translational modifications (PTMs). This suggests Cas9 could influence host-pathogen interactions and microbial virulence.

Keywords:
Cas9SUMOylationeffector proteinshost–pathogen interactionspost‐translational modifications

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Last Updated: Sep 9, 2025

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Enhanced Genome Editing with Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Diverse Cells and Organisms
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Enhanced Genome Editing with Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Diverse Cells and Organisms

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Microbial Pathogenesis
  • Gene Editing Technologies

Background:

  • The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a powerful gene editing tool, but its regulation in eukaryotic cells is not fully understood.
  • Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are crucial for protein function and regulation in eukaryotes.
  • SUMOylation, a type of PTM, can modify bacterial and viral effector proteins during infection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the hypothesis that Cas9 possesses unrecognized effector-like functions in host cells.
  • To investigate the potential role of host-mediated PTMs, specifically SUMOylation at lysine 848, in modulating Cas9 activity.
  • To consider the implications of Cas9 acting as a host-modulating effector in microbial virulence and host-pathogen interactions.

Main Methods:

  • This is a Viewpoint article, presenting a hypothesis and exploring existing literature.
  • Speculative analysis of Cas9 function based on known PTM mechanisms and bacterial effector proteins.
  • Discussion of potential evolutionary adaptations in pathogenic bacteria regarding Cas9 variants.

Main Results:

  • Cas9 may possess effector functions beyond its canonical CRISPR immunity role.
  • SUMOylation at lysine 848 is highlighted as a potentially significant, functionally relevant modification.
  • Pathogenic bacteria might evolve Cas9 variants that exploit host PTM machinery for virulence.

Conclusions:

  • Cas9 PTMs warrant systematic mapping and functional investigation.
  • Understanding Cas9 PTMs can deepen insights into microbial strategies and host-pathogen co-evolution.
  • Characterizing Cas9 PTMs is crucial for enhancing the precision and safety of CRISPR-based therapeutics.