A landscape ecological approach to spatial conservation planning - ecological security pattern

Addressing practical challenges in ecological conservation and restoration planning, ecological security pattern (ESP) - spatial networks composed of ecological sources and connecting corridors - offers an actionable and nature-based framework. Rooted in landscape ecology, the ESP approach integrates ecological thresholds and connectivity to ensure ecosystem integrity and landscape sustainability. Although ESP-related research has proliferated - particularly in China - critical dimensions, such as underlying ecological mechanisms, spatiotemporal dynamics, and spillover effects, have received less attention. Consequently, the foundational scientific concepts and research priorities remain insufficiently articulated, hindering ESP's further development and broader international acceptance. To fill this knowledge gap, we identify key research issues for ESP to tackle the main challenges in its construction, optimization, and evaluation, highlighting future directions as a landscape ecological approach to spatial conservation and restoration planning.