Exploring the role of circulating microRNAs as potential diagnostic markers in Mycobacterium paratuberculosis

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived and play a notable role in the development of chronic diseases and can be used as biomarkers as they transport microRNAs (miRNA). Existing research has found that most miRNA functions are carried out via intercellular transmission of EVs, which can protect and sort miRNAs. Early detection of disease is crucial for controlling the spread of the disease and improving livestock prognosis. miRNAs play a promising role as circulating biomarkers for early identification of disease. miRNA expressed in paratuberculosis infection has been identified using a variety of samples, including tissue, serum, whole blood, and macrophages. Key findings state that bta-miR-150 and bta-miR-1246 were observed in macrophages, whereas miR-29a and miR-92b were detected in serum and intestinal tissue. such as miR-143 and miR-485 underscore their potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in different stages of the disease. Studies on personalized medicine involve the detection of biomarker molecules such as miRNA and modulating therapy depending on the patient's severity of the disease, applying techniques like Northern blotting, qPCR, microarrays, and NGS. The current review assesses the potential use of circulating microRNAs as biomarkers for early and accurate diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection, where the microRNAs could even serve as a point-of-care test.