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Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Hormonal Regulation01:33

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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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Transcytosis of IgG01:15

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Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
IgG molecules from a mother undergo transcytosis starting around 13 weeks of gestation. The amount of IgG transferred and entering the fetal blood circulation increases with...
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Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

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Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
Interferons
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

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Overview
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Author Spotlight: Modeling an Aspect of Preeclampsia in Female Mice Using Hypoxic Human Placenta-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles
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Author Spotlight: Modeling an Aspect of Preeclampsia in Female Mice Using Hypoxic Human Placenta-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles

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The complement system in human pregnancy and preeclampsia.

Vijay Kumar1, John H Stewart1

  • 1Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical Education Building-C, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.

Frontiers in Immunology
|September 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The complement system (CS) is vital for a healthy pregnancy. Its dysregulation is linked to preeclampsia, a serious condition, highlighting the need for complement-based diagnostics and therapeutics.

Keywords:
CShuman pregnancyimmune homeostasisimmunoregulationplacentapreeclampsia

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Immunology
  • Innate Immunity
  • Maternal-Fetal Health

Background:

  • Successful human pregnancy requires maternal immune adaptation to the semi-allograft embryo.
  • Immune dysregulation during pregnancy can lead to complications like recurrent pregnancy loss and preeclampsia.
  • The complement system (CS) is a key innate immune component crucial for immune homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the critical role of the complement system (CS) in human pregnancy.
  • To explore how CS dysregulation contributes to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.
  • To review complement-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for preeclampsia.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the complement system signaling pathways, regulators, and axes (C3a/C3aR, C5a/C5aR).
  • Analysis of the CS's role in fertilization, implantation, and fetal development.
  • Examination of maternal CS alterations in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia.

Main Results:

  • The CS is integral to successful pregnancy establishment and maintenance.
  • Alterations in maternal CS signaling are observed in preeclampsia.
  • Both systemic and local (placental) CS dysregulation contribute to preeclampsia.

Conclusions:

  • The complement system plays a pivotal role in pregnancy.
  • Complement dysregulation is a significant factor in preeclampsia development.
  • Targeting the complement system offers promising avenues for preeclampsia diagnosis and treatment.