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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside...
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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
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Viewing Inflammation and Immunoregulation Under the Calpain System Lens.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Medicine

Background:

  • The immune system combats threats via controlled inflammation, involving pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and signaling molecules.
  • Dysregulation of inflammatory responses can lead to organ damage, neurodegeneration, autoimmunity, and cancer.
  • Cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) levels are vital for immune cell survival, proliferation, and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the expression and function of calpain-1 and calpain-2 in innate and adaptive immune cells.
  • To highlight the role of calpains in inflammation and immune regulation.
  • To emphasize the importance of understanding the calpain system in the context of rising inflammatory diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on calpain expression and function in immune cells.
  • Analysis of the role of calpains in inflammatory processes and organ damage.
  • Discussion of the calpain system, including calpain-1, calpain-2, and calpastatin.

Main Results:

  • Calpains are Ca2+-dependent proteases activated during inflammation, significantly impacting immune responses.
  • Calpain-1 and calpain-2 are expressed in various innate and adaptive immune cells, influencing their functions.
  • The calpain system, regulated by cytosolic Ca2+ levels, plays a critical role in inflammation and immune regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Calpains are key regulators of immune cell function and inflammatory processes.
  • Further investigation into the calpain system is essential for understanding and managing inflammatory diseases.
  • Targeting the calpain system may offer therapeutic strategies for inflammation-associated conditions.