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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Photodynamic Therapy with Blended Conducting Polymer/Fullerene Nanoparticle Photosensitizers
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Engineering Aggregation-Induced Emission Photosensitizers through a Counterion-Modulation Strategy for Enhanced

Guanyu Ding1, Li Li Wen2, Juyang He1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.

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|September 4, 2025
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Summary

Counterions enhance intersystem crossing (ISC) in aggregation-induced emission (AIE) photosensitizers, boosting type-I reactive oxygen species (ROS) for photodynamic immunotherapy. This strategy improves tumor inhibition and immune response.

Keywords:
aggregation-induced emissioncounterion regulationphotodynamic immunotherapyphotosensitizertype-I reactive oxygen species

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Photochemistry
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Intersystem crossing (ISC) in photosensitizers (PSs) is vital for generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) in photodynamic immunotherapy.
  • Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) PSs offer potential for enhanced photodynamic therapy (PDT) and immunotherapy.
  • Optimizing ISC efficiency is key to improving type-I ROS production in AIE PSs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of counterions on ISC efficiency and type-I ROS generation in AIE PSs.
  • To develop AIE PSs with enhanced photodynamic and immunotherapeutic efficacy.
  • To explore the potential of counterion modulation for designing advanced AIE PSs for cancer treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of three AIE PSs with a D-π-A structure (TBP+) using different counterions: iodide (I-), hexafluorophosphate (PF6-), and tetraphenylborate (PhB-).
  • Characterization of AIE properties, ISC efficiency, and type-I ROS generation.
  • Evaluation of photodynamic therapy efficacy under hypoxic conditions and assessment of immunotherapeutic effects, including immunogenic cell death, dendritic cell maturation, and T-cell activation.

Main Results:

  • TBP-PhB exhibited superior AIE performance and significantly enhanced type-I ROS generation compared to other counterions.
  • Theoretical calculations indicated that the PhB- counterion facilitates ISC through smaller energy gaps and larger spin-orbit coupling.
  • TBP-PhB demonstrated effective tumor inhibition in both primary and distant tumors, coupled with robust immune activation.

Conclusions:

  • Counterion modulation is an effective strategy to enhance ISC efficiency and type-I ROS production in AIE PSs.
  • TBP-PhB shows great promise as an AIE PS for advanced photodynamic immunotherapy, particularly under hypoxic tumor conditions.
  • This work highlights the potential of rational counterion design for developing next-generation AIE-based cancer therapeutics.