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Updated: Sep 9, 2025

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Heart Talk: Emotional Inner Speech Increases Heart Rate.

Mikkel Wallentin1,2,3, Line Kruse1,2, Xinyi Yan1

  • 1Department of Linguistics, Cognitive Science and Semiotics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.

Psychophysiology
|September 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Emotional inner speech, whether positive or negative, significantly impacts heart rate compared to inner counting. This effect on physiology is robust and not influenced by movement or respiration.

Keywords:
emotionheart rateinner speechmotion trackingself‐talk

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Psychophysiology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • Inner speech is a ubiquitous cognitive process.
  • The physiological correlates of emotional inner speech remain underexplored.
  • Previous research suggests links between emotion and physiological responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the causal effect of emotional inner speech on heart rate.
  • To compare the physiological impact of positive, negative, and neutral inner speech.
  • To examine potential confounds such as movement and respiration.

Main Methods:

  • Two preregistered experiments with participants (N=90) engaging in positive, negative, or counting inner speech while heart rate was monitored.
  • Controlled for body movement using motion tracking.
  • Analyzed median heart rate, considering movement and respiration rate as covariates.

Main Results:

  • Emotional inner speech (positive or negative) significantly altered heart rate compared to neutral inner counting.
  • No significant difference in heart rate effects was found between positive and negative emotional inner speech.
  • The observed effect of emotional inner speech on heart rate was robust, independent of movement and respiration.

Conclusions:

  • Emotional inner speech has a demonstrable causal effect on heart rate.
  • Physiological responses to inner speech are primarily driven by emotional valence, not specific content.
  • Further research should explore cognitive effort and inner speech rate as potential moderators.