MolMod: a molecular modification platform for molecular property optimization via fragment-based generation

Lead optimization is a crucial step in drug design. Generative AI-driven molecular modification has emerged as a powerful strategy to accelerate lead optimization by efficiently exploring chemical space and enhancing key drug-like properties. However, current AI tools primarily focus on de novo scaffold design rather than targeted modifications of validated lead compounds, limiting their practical utility in medicinal chemistry. Herein, we developed MolMod ( http://software.tdd-lab.com/molmod ), a web-based platform that enables site-specific molecular modifications through fragment-based optimization. MolMod employs a transformer model trained on 8.3 million ZINC20 compounds and fine-tuned with ~30,000 medicinal chemistry fragments from ChEMBL. Users mark specific modification sites on their molecules, and the model generates property-optimized fragments for these positions. The platform achieves high scaffold retention while maintaining a ≥99.99% fragment assembly success rate across extensive validation tests. Single-property optimization achieved >93% success rates, while multi-property constraints maintained 95% accuracy. Experimental validation confirmed the platform's accuracy: optimization of α-mangostin increased aqueous solubility from <5 μg/mL to 789 μg/mL through single-site modification, closely matching computational predictions (LogS: -6.128 to -3.829). MolMod provides ADMET profiles for all generated molecules and enables real-time visualization of structural modifications. By focusing on site-specific modifications rather than de novo generation, MolMod aligns with medicinal chemistry workflows and provides a practical tool for both computational and experimental scientists.