Comprehensive Fitness Assessment in a Professional Military Education Cohort: A Cross-Sectional Study

Military personnel face rigorous physical and cognitive demands critical for operational readiness and long-term health. This study evaluated body composition, cognitive performance, and physical fitness metrics in non-entry-level service members to inform tailored fitness interventions. This cross-sectional study analyzed data from Air Command Staff College personnel (N = 307; 89 females, 218 males; age: 37 ± 5 years) at Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base. Participants completed assessments for body composition (body mass index [BMI], body fat percentage [%BF], fat mass index [FMI], fat-free mass index [FFMI]), flexibility (sit-and-reach test, functional reach test), cognitive performance (cognitive reaction time), power (countermovement jump), strength (grip strength, isometric midthigh pull), muscular endurance (plank), and aerobic fitness (Estimated VO_2max). Relationships between age, sex, and fitness variables were analyzed with regression models, with percentile ranking, and comparisons to the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) guidelines. Age-related increases in BF% (r = 0.116, p = 0.045) and FMI (r = 0.129, p = 0.025) were observed, alongside declines in muscular strength, power, and endurance (all p < 0.01). Females exhibited higher BF% and FMI, while males had greater FFMI and strength. Older participants had lower compliance with ACSM standards, indicating elevated health risks. Targeted interventions should address age- and sex-specific needs, focusing on preserving lean mass, strength, and cognitive agility. Baseline fitness data contributes to designing evidence-based programs that enhance long-term readiness and operational performance.