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Increased Body Temperature

Increased Body Temperature

A body temperature above 38°C (100.4 °F) is known as fever or pyrexia, and a person with fever is termed 'febrile.' Typically, the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that acts as the body's thermostat, regulates body temperature through a thermoregulatory setpoint. It receives signals from cold and warm thermal receptors throughout the body and adjusts the body's temperature accordingly. Fever occurs when this hypothalamic setpoint is altered, usually in...

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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...

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Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 9, 2025

A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease

A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease

Published on: April 28, 2019

Dengue and severe dengue.

Shirin Kalimuddin^1,2, Po Ying Chia^3,4,5, Jenny G Low^1,2,6

¹Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

|September 5, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Dengue virus (DENV) is expanding globally, affecting adults and requiring new countermeasures. This review explores dengue pathogenesis, immunity, and antiviral development to combat the growing global burden.

Keywords:

adult dengue dengue dengue virus (DENV)host factors host response immunity therapeutics vaccines

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Measuring Dengue Virus RNA in the Culture Supernatant of Infected Cells by Real-time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction

Measuring Dengue Virus RNA in the Culture Supernatant of Infected Cells by Real-time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction

Published on: November 1, 2018

Area of Science:

Virology and Immunology
Infectious Diseases
Public Health

Background:

Dengue, a mosquito-borne viral illness caused by four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV-1 to -4), is increasingly prevalent globally.
The geographic range of DENV and its Aedes mosquito vector is expanding into non-endemic regions, including North America and Europe.
Dengue incidence is rising in adults, posing unique management challenges, particularly for older populations.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the molecular mechanisms of dengue pathogenesis from virological and immunological viewpoints.
To discuss challenges and opportunities in developing antiviral therapies for dengue.
To explore new insights into dengue immunity to guide vaccine deployment strategies.

Main Methods:

Literature review of molecular pathogenesis, virology, and immunology of dengue.
Analysis of current vaccine efficacy and limitations.
Discussion of hurdles in antiviral drug development for dengue.

Main Results:

Understanding dengue pathogenesis is crucial for developing effective antiviral treatments and vaccines.
Current dengue vaccines show limitations, necessitating complementary control measures.
Advances in understanding dengue immunity can optimize the use of existing and future vaccines.

Conclusions:

Vaccination alone is insufficient to halt the global expansion of dengue.
Antiviral drugs are essential for comprehensive dengue control strategies.
Integrated approaches combining antivirals and optimized vaccine deployment are needed to reduce the global dengue burden.