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SERS technology in virus Detection: Advances, challenges, and future perspectives.

Shen Jiang1, Yanlong Xiao2, Qiuyun Li1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, 150081, China.

Biosensors & Bioelectronics
|September 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) offers sensitive and specific viral detection. This review details SERS applications, challenges, and future potential in identifying viruses for medical and safety purposes.

Keywords:
Design strategiesLabel-basedLabel-freePractical applicationsSurface-enhanced Raman spectroscopyVirus detection

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Spectroscopy
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) provides high sensitivity and specificity for detecting analytes.
  • Viral detection is crucial for public health, diagnostics, and safety.
  • Existing viral detection methods face limitations in speed, sensitivity, or cost.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the progress, challenges, and future directions of SERS in viral detection.
  • To analyze both label-free and label-based SERS strategies for virus identification.
  • To explore the practical applications and future potential of SERS technology in various fields.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction to fundamental SERS principles.
  • Analysis of label-free SERS detection strategies, including substrate activity, capture methods, machine learning, and sample pre-treatment.
  • Examination of label-based SERS detection, covering strategy design, recognition elements, sandwich assays, and signal amplification.
  • Discussion of SERS applications in medical diagnosis, food safety, and environmental monitoring.

Main Results:

  • SERS enables sensitive and specific viral detection through both label-free and label-based approaches.
  • Key factors for effective label-free detection include optimized substrates, specific capture, machine learning integration, and sample preparation.
  • Label-based SERS advances involve sophisticated assay designs and signal amplification for enhanced detection.
  • SERS shows promise in practical applications such as medical diagnostics and food safety.

Conclusions:

  • SERS technology is a powerful tool for advancing viral detection capabilities.
  • Addressing challenges like standardization, signal interference, instrument portability, and interdisciplinary collaboration is essential for SERS's widespread adoption.
  • SERS is poised to play a significant role in the future of rapid and reliable viral detection.