Advanced extraction techniques and functional applications of millet-derived nutrients: a review

Millets, also known as Nutri-cereals, are a traditional food source in many countries. They are comprised of essential nutritional elements, including carbohydrates, proteins, dietary fiber, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and various phytochemical compounds required for healthy longevity. Because of their low glycemic index and gluten-free status, millets suit various dietary requirements. This comprehensive review explores different techniques used for isolating health-promoting components from millets. Conventionally, most of the Nutri-components from millets can be isolated by using solvent extraction. However, it is associated with limitations such as low efficiency and potential degradation of bioactive compounds. The application of innovative extraction methods like ultrasonication-assisted, microwave-assisted, enzymatic-assisted, pulse electric field-assisted, and supercritical fluid techniques play crucial roles in enhancing extraction yield and improving functional attributes. The selection of proper extraction methods varies due to several factors, including the targeted components, the properties of the millet matrix, extraction efficacy, extraction speed, and economic considerations. Additionally, the review underscores the potential of millet bioactive component applications in functional foods, nutraceuticals, and other industrial products. The extraction and utilization of millet nutritional components provide a valuable outline for advancing scientific research and industrial innovation, addressing the global demand for sustainable and health-focused solutions.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-025-06366-0.