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Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Published on: August 5, 2014

Important Outcomes for Children and Adolescents With Cognitive-Communication Disorders After Traumatic Brain Injury:

Lauren Crumlish^1,2,3, Anthony J Angwin^1,2,3, Bridget Burton^1,2,3

¹School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.

American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology

|September 8, 2025

Summary

This study identified key outcomes for pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) rehabilitation. Consensus was reached on 360 essential outcomes for cognitive-communication disorders (CCDs) across different age groups.

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Area of Science:

Pediatric rehabilitation
Neuroscience
Speech-language pathology

Background:

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children and adolescents can lead to significant cognitive-communication disorders (CCDs).
Post-acute rehabilitation aims to address these deficits and improve long-term functioning.
Establishing consensus on important outcomes is crucial for effective and individualized care.

Purpose of the Study:

To achieve consensus among researchers, clinicians, and managers on critical outcomes for pediatric TBI cognitive-communication rehabilitation.
To identify age-specific outcomes for children and adolescents (5-18 years) in the post-acute phase and beyond.
To align identified outcomes with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework.

Main Methods:

An international three-round e-Delphi study was conducted.
Round 1 involved open-ended questions to generate outcomes, followed by qualitative content analysis.
Rounds 2-3 used a 9-point scale for ranking outcome importance, with consensus defined by specific thresholds.

Main Results:

Consensus was achieved on 360 outcomes across all age groups.
For younger children (5-11 years), outcomes related to Body Functions and Activity/Participation, including school start and functioning, were key.
For older children and adolescents (12-18 years), Activity/Participation outcomes like emotional safety, employment, and life skills were paramount.

Conclusions:

A wide range of ICF-aligned outcomes are considered important for pediatric CCDs, reflecting the complexity of these conditions.
Rehabilitation strategies must be developmentally tailored, as outcome importance shifts with age.
Holistic, person-centered care is essential, with future research needed on patient and family priorities.