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Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Facile Preparation of 2Z,4E-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
Published on: June 21, 2017
Ligand-Enabled Cu-Catalyzed Deoxyalkynylation of α-Unfunctionalized Alcohols with Terminal Alkynes
Xiao-Yang Dong1,2, Zi-Jian Zhou1,3, Zhong-Liang Li1
1Dongguan Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Science for Advanced Materials and Large-Scale Scientific Facilities, School of Physical Science, Great Bay University, Dongguan, 523000, China.
Abstract:
Despite the widespread utility of transition metal-catalyzed cross-couplings in organic synthesis, the coupling of unactivated alkyl electrophiles remains challenging due to sluggish oxidative addition and competing side reactions. Here, we describe a general and practical copper-catalyzed radical deoxyalkynylation of α-unfunctionalized alcohols through a synergistic combination of Barton-McCombie deoxygenation and copper-catalyzed radical cross-coupling. Key to the success of this method lies in not only the development of rigid anionic multiple N,N,N-ligand to exert remarkable selectivity of highly reactive unactivated alkyl radicals, but also the selection of one suitable oxidant to suppress Glaser homocoupling and other side products. This method provides a complementary approach for the cross-coupling of unactivated alkyl halides, which face notable difficulties in reaction initiation and bond formation under mild thermal conditions, especially the tertiary variants. This protocol not only exhibits a broad scope with respect to both coupling partners, covering alkyl- and (hetero)aryl alkynes, as well as α-unfunctionalized primary-, secondary-, and tertiary- alcohols with good functional group compatibility, but also facilitates the late-stage functionalization of a series of important natural and bioactive complex molecules.
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Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction
Alkylation of terminal alkynes with primary alkyl halides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide is one of the common methods for the synthesis of longer carbon-chain alkynes. For example, treatment of 1-propyne with sodium amide followed by reaction with ethyl bromide yields 2-pentyne.
Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
α-Alkylation of Ketones via Enolate Ions
Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration
Analogous to alkenes, alkynes also undergo acid-catalyzed hydration. While the addition of water to an alkene gives an alcohol, hydration of alkynes produces different products such as aldehydes and ketones.
Preparation of Alkynes: Dehydrohalogenation
Alkynes can be prepared by dehydrohalogenation of vicinal or geminal dihalides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide in liquid ammonia. The reaction proceeds with the loss of two equivalents of hydrogen halide (HX) via two successive E2 elimination reactions.

