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Conformable Wearable Electrodes: From Fabrication to Electrophysiological Assessment
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Cell-Stress-Free Percutaneous Bioelectrodes.

Jungho Lee1,2, Gaeun Yun1, Juhyeong Jeon1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|September 9, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed soft microneedle (sMN) electrodes for stable, long-term wearable bioelectronics. This cell-stress-free design minimizes tissue damage and inflammation, enabling reliable sensing in various conditions.

Keywords:
cell stressmicroneedleon‐skin bioelectrodepercutaneoussoft electronics

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Wearable Technology

Background:

  • Wearable bioelectronics face limitations due to superficial skin placement, causing instability and vulnerability.
  • Current microneedle (MN) electrodes are rigid, causing pain, tissue damage, and inflammation, hindering long-term use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel, cell-stress-free percutaneous bioelectrode for stable, long-term wearable sensing.
  • To overcome the limitations of existing rigid microneedle electrodes.

Main Methods:

  • Designed and fabricated ultrathin (<2 µm), soft microneedles (sMN) with effervescent structural transformation.
  • Utilized synchrotron imaging and histological analysis to assess tissue interaction.
  • Conducted electrophysiological measurements under various physiological conditions (sweat, dehydration).

Main Results:

  • The sMN demonstrated near-zero Poisson's ratio deformation, preserving cellular morphology and minimizing immune response.
  • Reduced tissue disruption and inflammation observed over multiple days in rats and humans.
  • Stable signal-to-noise ratios achieved despite sweat, dehydration, and extended use.

Conclusions:

  • Introduced a novel soft microneedle (sMN) bioelectrode that dynamically softens after insertion.
  • Established dermal electronics as a next-generation platform for environment-independent, long-term wearable sensing.
  • Demonstrated the potential for biocompatible and mechanically stable biosensing interfaces.