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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.
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CD4 T Cells Acquire Innate Capability Upon Classical T Cell Activation.

Nima Yassini1, Eva Goljat1, Camilla Panetti1

  • 1Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

European Journal of Immunology
|September 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Innate acting T (TIA) cells, crucial for immunity, can be generated from naive CD4 T cells. These TIA cells produce IFN-γ independently of TCR signaling, aiding responses to infection.

Keywords:
T helper cellshost/pathogens interactionsinnate immunity

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Immunology
  • Infectious Disease

Background:

  • Memory T cells enhance secondary pathogen responses.
  • Virus-experienced innate acting T (TIA) cells produce IFN-γ independently of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling.
  • The developmental pathway of TIA cells is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the origin and characteristics of CD4 TIA cells.
  • To determine if naive CD4 T cells can be induced to become TIA cells.
  • To assess the in vivo function of experimentally induced TIA cells.

Main Methods:

  • Induction of TIA cell function in vitro using TCR and CD28 co-stimulation on naive murine and human CD4 T cells.
  • Assessment of cytokine-mediated, TCR-independent IFN-γ production.
  • Adoptive transfer of in vitro-generated TIA cells into mice infected with Legionella pneumophila.

Main Results:

  • CD4 TIA cells are found in diverse disease contexts, suggesting a disease-agnostic role.
  • Naive murine and human CD4 T cells can be differentiated into TIA cells through TCR and CD28 stimulation.
  • Adoptively transferred TIA cells demonstrated TCR-independent IFN-γ production during the innate phase of L. pneumophila infection in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • CD4 TIA cells are more widespread than previously thought.
  • The induction of TIA cells from naive precursors is feasible, offering a potential mechanism for their generation.
  • TIA cells may play a broader role in immune responses across various diseases and infections.