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The Tumor Microenvironment

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...

Cancers Originate from Somatic Mutations in a Single Cell

Cancers Originate from Somatic Mutations in a Single Cell

Cancer arises from mutations in the critical genes that allow healthy cells to escape cell cycle regulation and acquire the ability to proliferate indefinitely. Though originating from a single mutation event in one of the originator cells, cancer progresses when the mutant cell lines continue to gain more and more mutations, and finally, become malignant. For example, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) develops initially as a non-lethal increase in white blood cells, which progressively...

Cancer

Cancer

Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.

Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells

Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells

Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
Some of the advantages that cancer cells have on normal cells include - enhanced ability to divide without terminally differentiating, induce new blood vessel formation,...

Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes

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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Characterization and Functional Prediction of Bacteria in Ovarian Tissues

Characterization and Functional Prediction of Bacteria in Ovarian Tissues

Published on: October 23, 2021

The multi-kingdom cancer microbiome.

Anders B Dohlman¹, Xiangyu Pan^2,3, Laurence Zitvogel^4,5,6,7

¹Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. andersb_dohlman@dfci.harvard.edu.

Nature Microbiology

|September 9, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The cancer microbiome, involving microbes in tumors, is a new research area. Further validation is needed to develop microbiome-based cancer diagnostics and therapies.

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Last Updated: Jan 18, 2026

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A Clinical Metaproteomics Workflow Implemented within Galaxy Bioinformatics Platform to Analyze Host-Microbiome Interactions Underlying Human Disease

A Clinical Metaproteomics Workflow Implemented within Galaxy Bioinformatics Platform to Analyze Host-Microbiome Interactions Underlying Human Disease

Published on: January 10, 2025

Area of Science:

Oncology
Microbiology
Bioinformatics

Background:

The role of microorganisms in cancer development and treatment response is increasingly recognized.
Deep sequencing and computational methods reveal multi-kingdom microbial communities in various cancer types.
This discovery sparks interest in the cancer microbiome's potential for diagnostics and therapeutics.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide historical context and a conceptual framework for the cancer microbiome.
To summarize experimental evidence on microorganisms associated with tumors.
To discuss the influence of the microbiome on cancer and future research directions.

Main Methods:

Review of historical research on microbial influences in cancer.
Synthesis of experimental studies investigating tumor-associated microorganisms (bacteria, fungi).
Analysis of current evidence regarding microbial colonization and its impact on cancer.

Main Results:

Microbial communities are increasingly reported across diverse cancer types.
Evidence suggests microorganisms can influence tumor initiation and progression.
The precise role and scope of the cancer microbiome require further investigation.

Conclusions:

The cancer microbiome presents potential for novel diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies.
Extensive validation of current findings is crucial before clinical application.
Continued research is essential to address outstanding questions and advance the field.