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Related Concept Videos

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants01:23

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Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating...
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Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
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Ionic Basis of Cardiac Action Potentials
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Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
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Cholinergic Receptors: Nicotinic01:15

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Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that are activated by acetylcholine and nicotine. Upon activation, they cause a rapid increase in the permeability of cells to K+, Na+, and Ca2+, followed by depolarization and excitation. They are in the autonomic ganglia, skeletal neuromuscular junction, CNS, and adrenal medulla.
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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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The action potential is a complex electrical event that occurs in excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells. It consists of several distinct phases, each with specific characteristics.
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Early repolarization pattern with oral liquid nicotine.

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Nicotine poisoning from liquid concentrates can cause life-threatening cardiac events like ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest. This case highlights the critical need to recognize nicotine intoxication as a cause of sudden cardiac death.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is typically linked to structural heart disease or ischemia.
  • Cardiac events due to intoxications are rare and often overlooked.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a case of severe cardiac events caused by nicotine liquid intoxication.
  • To emphasize the importance of considering intoxication in unexplained cardiac arrest.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of a 35-year-old patient with cumulative nicotine liquid exposure.
  • Analysis of cardiac arrest, ventricular fibrillation, and electrocardiogram (ECG) findings.

Main Results:

  • The patient experienced cardiac arrest and ventricular fibrillation after ingesting 60 mg of pure nicotine liquid.
  • Post-defibrillation ECG revealed an early repolarization pattern and first-degree atrioventricular block.

Conclusions:

  • Pure nicotine liquid ingestion can precipitate severe cardiac arrhythmias and arrest.
  • Early recognition of nicotine toxicity is crucial for managing cardiac emergencies.