Electrochemical Sensors for Rapid Cardiovascular Disease Diagnostics

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Engineering
• Analytical Chemistry
• Cardiovascular Medicine

Background:

• Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of death globally, with rising incidence in developing nations.
• Current diagnostic methods for CVD are often slow and inconvenient, hindering early detection and intervention.
• Accurate measurement of cardiac biomarkers in bodily fluids is crucial for timely CVD diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the performance and potential of electrochemical sensors for detecting CVD biomarkers.
• To explore advancements in electrochemical sensing mechanisms, nanotechnology integration, and diverse sensing platforms.
• To examine emerging technologies like microfluidic, smartphone-integrated, microneedle, and tattoo-based sensors for CVD diagnostics.

Main Methods:

• Review of electrochemical sensing mechanisms and their evolution.
• Analysis of nanotechnology integration in electrochemical sensor design.
• Exploration of various sensing platforms, including microfluidics and wearable technologies.
• Examination of emerging sensor types: microneedle- and tattoo-based sensors.

Main Results:

• Electrochemical methods enable rapid, sensitive, selective, and multiplex detection of CVD biomarkers.
• Nanotechnology integration enhances sensor performance.
• Emerging technologies show promise for point-of-care (POC) and wearable CVD diagnostics.
• Comparison of commercial CVD sensors with existing diagnostic methods.

Conclusions:

• Electrochemical sensors represent a significant advancement for early CVD detection and management.
• Integration into POC and wearable devices presents challenges and opportunities for widespread clinical adoption.
• Future directions focus on refining sensor technology for improved accessibility and efficacy in CVD care.