Many will enter, few will win: Cost and sensitivity of exploratory dynamics

A variety of biomolecular systems rely on exploratory dynamics to reach target locations or states within a cell. Without a mechanism to remotely sense and move directly toward a target, the system must sample over many paths, often including resetting transitions back to the origin. We investigate how exploratory dynamics can confer an important functional benefit: the ability to respond to small changes in parameters with large shifts in the steady-state behavior. However, such enhanced sensitivity comes at a cost: resetting cycles require energy dissipation to push the system out of its equilibrium steady state. We focus on minimalist models for two concrete examples: translational proofreading in the ribosome and microtubule length control via dynamic instability to illustrate the trade-offs between energetic cost and sensitivity. In the former, a driven hydrolysis step enhances the ability to distinguish between substrates and decoys with small binding energy differences. In the latter, resetting cycles enable catalytic control, with the steady-state length distribution modulated by substoichiometric concentrations of a reusable catalyst. Synthesizing past models of these well-studied systems, we show how path-counting and circuit-mapping approaches can be used to address fundamental questions such as the number of futile cycles inherent in translation and the steady-state length distribution of a dynamically unstable polymer. In both cases, a limited amount of thermodynamic driving is sufficient to yield a qualitative transition to a system with enhanced sensitivity, enabling accurate discrimination and catalytic control at a modest energetic cost.