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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Magnetic skyrmions are topologically protected spin textures with potential for data storage.
  • Controlling skyrmion stability and size is crucial for device applications.
  • Existing methods often rely on Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions, limiting material choices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a novel approach for controlling and stabilizing magnetic skyrmions.
  • To investigate the use of engineered magnetostatic fields for skyrmion manipulation.
  • To explore skyrmion multistability for potential multibit memory applications.

Main Methods:

  • Analytical modeling of magnetostatic field effects.
  • Micromagnetic simulations of skyrmion dynamics in multilayer nanostructures.
  • Utilizing ferromagnetic nanorings to generate spatially engineered stray fields.

Main Results:

  • Spatially engineered magnetostatic fields from Co/Pd nanorings significantly enhance skyrmion stability in Ir/Co/Pt nanodots.
  • Skyrmion stabilization achieved even without Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions.
  • Demonstrated precise control over skyrmion size and stability.
  • Observed skyrmion multistability with high energy barriers exceeding thermal fluctuations.
  • Successfully switched skyrmions between metastable states using magnetic field pulses.

Conclusions:

  • Engineered magnetostatic fields offer a robust method for controlling magnetic skyrmions.
  • The observed multistability and high energy barriers are promising for robust multibit memory storage.
  • This approach provides a pathway towards advanced spintronic devices and novel memory technologies.