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Area of Science:

  • Space Medicine
  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Human Physiology

Background:

  • Space exploration accelerates, highlighting the need for effective in-space healthcare.
  • Microgravity causes cardiovascular issues: reduced red blood cell volume, myocardial atrophy, decreased aerobic capacity, and orthostatic intolerance.
  • Current physiological countermeasures are incomplete, necessitating further research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review cardiovascular changes during spaceflight.
  • To identify existing countermeasures and rehabilitation strategies.
  • To explore future healthcare needs for diverse astronaut populations.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search on PubMed for cardiovascular changes, countermeasures, and rehabilitation in space.
  • Analysis of physiological adaptations to microgravity and post-flight re-adaptation.

Main Results:

  • Spaceflight induces diuresis, alters erythrocyte volume, and leads to orthostatic intolerance via reduced blood pressure reflexes, decreased plasma volume, and myocardial atrophy.
  • Countermeasures include daily aerobic and strength training in space (2 hours/day, 6 days/week).
  • Post-flight rehabilitation is crucial for re-adapting to Earth's gravity.

Conclusions:

  • Future space missions may include individuals with pre-existing heart conditions and the elderly.
  • Integrated health management combining spaceflight knowledge and ground-based cardiac rehabilitation is essential.
  • New techniques are required for effective in-flight countermeasures and post-return rehabilitation.