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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Comparison of Kinetic Characteristics of Footwork during Stroke in Table Tennis: Cross-Step and Chasse Step
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Differences in Pitching Kinetics and Kinematics During Various Effort Level Pitching.

Jakob H Wolf1, Sam Kinney2, Brian R Waterman1

  • 1Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine
|September 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pitching after injury requires a careful return to sport protocol. Reducing throwing effort to 60% significantly lowers elbow varus torque while maintaining pitching kinematics, aiding in safe return to play.

Keywords:
baseballkinematicskineticsreduced-effort pitchingreturn to sports

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Baseball Performance

Background:

  • Return to sport protocols are crucial for injured pitchers to minimize reinjury risk.
  • Early stages of rehabilitation should focus on reducing joint kinetics while refining pitching mechanics.
  • Interval throwing progressions offer a method to manage kinetics during early return-to-throwing phases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the kinetic and kinematic differences during pitching at reduced effort levels.
  • To determine if lower pitching intensities can reduce stress on the elbow and shoulder.

Main Methods:

  • Collegiate pitchers (n=19) performed 5 fastballs at 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% effort.
  • Kinetics and kinematics were measured, focusing on elbow varus torque and shoulder/trunk velocities.
  • Statistical analyses included ANCOVA and Tukey's HSD post hoc tests.

Main Results:

  • A statistically significant difference in elbow varus torque was observed between 100% effort (92.5 N·m) and 60% effort (73.2 N·m).
  • No other measured kinetic or kinematic variables showed significant differences between the tested effort levels.

Conclusions:

  • Pitching at 60% effort significantly reduces elbow varus torque compared to maximal effort.
  • This finding supports the use of reduced effort throwing in return-to-sport protocols to decrease elbow stress while preserving biomechanical patterns.