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Tissue Transplantation

Tissue Transplantation

Tissue transplantation is a significant medical procedure involving the transfer of cells, tissues, or organs from a donor to a recipient, with the primary aim of restoring lost functions. This procedure is crucial in treating a broad spectrum of diseases, including kidney diseases, liver failure, heart disease, and certain types of cancers.
The Biology of Tissue Transplantation
The biology of tissue transplantation hinges on the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules. These molecules...

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Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos

Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos

Published on: March 26, 2014

Facial Subunit Transplantation: Current Concepts and Future Directions.

Felix J Klimitz, Leonard Knoedler¹, Helia Hosseini¹

¹From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.

Annals of Plastic Surgery

|September 11, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Facial subunit transplantation is anatomically feasible for reconstructive surgery, but requires immunosuppression similar to full face transplants. Further research into immunosuppression and vascular planning is needed for clinical use.

Keywords:

animal models cadaver studies face transplant immunosuppression reconstructive surgery vascularized composite allotransplantation

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Area of Science:

Reconstructive surgery
Transplantation immunology

Background:

Complex facial defects pose challenges for reconstructive surgery.
Traditional methods often result in suboptimal outcomes.
Facial vascularized composite allotransplantation (fVCA) is an option for extensive defects, but subunit transplantation is not yet clinical practice.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the feasibility, anatomical requirements, and immunosuppressive needs of facial subunit transplantation.
To review preclinical and cadaver studies on vascularization and rejection.

Main Methods:

Narrative review of animal models, human cadaver studies, and clinical experiences.
Examination of preclinical studies on vascular supply and rejection.
Analysis of cadaver studies on vascularization strategies for facial subunits.

Main Results:

Facial subunit transplantation is anatomically feasible with established pedicle options.
Immunosuppression protocols comparable to full-face transplantation are necessary.
Preclinical models highlight the need for optimized immunosuppression for graft survival.

Conclusions:

Facial subunit transplantation shows potential for improved outcomes in selective facial reconstruction.
Advancements in immunosuppression and vascular planning are crucial for clinical application.
Subunit transplantation could offer a less invasive alternative for localized facial defects.