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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Retroviral Transduction of Helper T Cells as a Genetic Approach to Study Mechanisms Controlling their Differentiation and Function
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Optimizing canine T cell activation, expansion, and transduction.

Treyvon W Davis1, Jennifer C Holmes2, Arissa He3

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, Raleigh, United States of America.

Plos One
|September 11, 2025
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Summary

Optimizing canine T cell immunotherapy requires effective T cell activation. Plate-bound antibodies, specifically αCD3 clone CA17.6F9 with αCD28 clone 5B8 or PMA/ionomycin, enhance T cell activation, expansion, and transduction for better cancer treatment outcomes in dogs.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Veterinary Oncology
  • Cell Therapy

Background:

  • Dogs serve as valuable models for human cancer research.
  • Canine T cell immunotherapy shows promise but is limited by suboptimal T cell activation and transduction methods.
  • Existing research lacks a comprehensive comparison of different antibody stimulation strategies and presentation methods for canine T cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the most effective methods for canine T cell activation, expansion, and viral transduction for immunotherapy.
  • To compare the efficacy of plate-bound versus bead-bound antibodies for T cell stimulation.
  • To evaluate different antibody clone combinations and mitogens for optimizing canine T cell responses.

Main Methods:

  • Tested 12 antibody stimulation strategies, including combinations of two αCD3 and two αCD28 antibody clones presented on plates or beads.
  • Evaluated two mitogens: phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) with ionomycin and concanavalin A (ConA).
  • Assessed the impact of stimulation strategies on T cell activation, expansion, transduction efficiency, CD4/CD8 T cell subset proportions, and regulatory T cell (Treg) prevalence.

Main Results:

  • Plate-bound antibodies were significantly more effective than bead-bound antibodies for canine T cell stimulation.
  • Plate-bound αCD3 clone CA17.6F9 combined with αCD28 clone 5B8, or with the mitogen PMA/ionomycin, yielded superior activation, expansion, and transduction.
  • These optimal strategies also resulted in favorable T cell subset profiles, including CD4/CD8 ratios and Treg prevalence, potentially improving therapeutic outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Plate-bound antibody stimulation, particularly using specific αCD3/αCD28 combinations or PMA/ionomycin, is superior for canine T cell immunotherapy.
  • Optimized T cell activation and transduction strategies can enhance the efficacy and safety of T cell-based cancer treatments in dogs.
  • Findings provide a critical foundation for advancing canine T cell immunotherapy, with potential implications for human cancer therapies.