Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: New findings and perspectives

Alterations in mitochondrial energy metabolism, impaired processes of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy have recently been identified as important contributors to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Genetic predispositions and defects in mitochondrial metabolism, particularly within the electron transport chain of the oxidative phosphorylation system, have been linked to the pathology of intracellular and extracellular amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau protein. This review summarizes the current molecular background of AD and explains the relationships between genetic factors, impaired energy metabolism, and the formation of pathological proteins. It highlights altered mitochondrial dynamics, impaired mitochondrial signaling, mitophagy, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis. Based on these findings, the review discusses mitochondrial biomarkers and novel molecules targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathophysiology of AD.