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Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

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In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Energy production within a cell involves many coordinated chemical pathways. Most of these pathways are combinations of oxidation and reduction reactions, which occur at the same time. An oxidation reaction strips an electron from an atom in a compound, and the addition of this electron to another compound is a reduction reaction. Because oxidation and reduction usually occur together, these pairs of reactions are called redox reactions.
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Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
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Arenediazonium substitution reactions occur when the diazonium group is substituted by various functional groups such as halides, hydroxyl, nitrile, etc. For instance, arenediazonium salts react with copper(I) salts of chloride, bromide, or cyanide to form corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and nitriles. These reactions are named Sandmeyer reactions. Although the mechanism of this reaction is complicated, as illustrated in Figure 1, they are believed to progress via an aryl copper...
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Functionalization of Quinones by Green Methods.

Sarban Kumar Yadav1, Bhawana Nagar2, Basab Bijayi Dhar3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University, Delhi NCR, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Dadri, UP- 201314, India. sy320@snu.edu.in.

Chimia
|September 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review highlights green synthesis methods for quinones, essential compounds in biology and pigments. These sustainable approaches reduce waste and energy use compared to traditional techniques.

Keywords:
Photoredox catalysisQuinones

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Green Chemistry
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Quinone motifs are vital in biological systems, found in organisms from bacteria to animals.
  • They are integral components of many natural pigments.
  • Traditional synthesis methods often involve hazardous reagents and significant energy consumption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the direct functionalization of quinones.
  • To focus on the application of green chemistry principles in quinone synthesis.
  • To present environmentally sustainable alternatives to conventional synthetic routes.

Main Methods:

  • Solvent-free microwave-assisted synthesis.
  • Photoredox catalysis for quinone functionalization.
  • Electrochemical oxidation techniques.
  • Exploration of other environmentally benign synthetic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of efficient direct functionalization of quinones using green methods.
  • Successful application of techniques like microwave-assisted synthesis and photoredox catalysis.
  • Validation of electrochemical oxidation as a sustainable route.
  • Significant reduction in hazardous waste generation and energy input.

Conclusions:

  • Green synthesis offers a cleaner and more sustainable pathway for producing quinones.
  • These advanced methods minimize environmental impact while maintaining synthetic efficiency.
  • The reviewed techniques represent a shift towards eco-friendly organic synthesis.