Conductive and Semiconductive 2D Materials for Neural Interfaces, Biosensors, and Therapeutic Modulation

Area of Science:

• Bioelectronics
• Materials Science
• Neuroscience

Background:

• Healthcare is shifting towards digital care due to aging populations, chronic diseases, and pandemics.
• Widespread adoption of digital care is hindered by signal degradation, biofouling, and power/data constraints.
• Clinically robust devices require precision, reliability, and reproducibility.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the application of 2D materials in developing advanced bioelectronic devices for digital healthcare.
• To explore the potential of 2D materials in overcoming current limitations in remote care technologies.
• To highlight the prospects of 2D materials for neural interfacing, biosensing, and therapeutic delivery.

Main Methods:

• Survey of flexible, low-impedance neural electrodes made from graphene, transition-metal dichalcogenides, and MXenes.
• Examination of 2D material integration for electrophysiological recording and optical imaging.
• Review of applications in biosensing (biomarker detection) and autonomous therapy (photothermal, genetic, antibacterial).

Main Results:

• 2D materials exhibit high carrier mobility, low-defect lattices, and mechanical pliability, enhancing signal quality and stability during motion.
• Flexible 2D material electrodes enable high-resolution brain interfaces by integrating electrophysiological recording with optical imaging.
• 2D materials facilitate sensitive biomarker detection and diverse therapeutic interventions.

Conclusions:

• Conductive and semiconductive 2D materials show significant promise for next-generation neural interfacing, biosensing, and therapeutic delivery in digital healthcare.
• Addressing challenges in long-term biocompatibility, scalable manufacturing, and protocol harmonization is crucial for clinical translation.
• 2D materials offer a pathway toward practical clinical implementation of advanced remote care solutions.