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Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Asymmetric Thermoelectrochemical Cell for Harvesting Low-grade Heat under Isothermal Operation

Asymmetric Thermoelectrochemical Cell for Harvesting Low-grade Heat under Isothermal Operation

Published on: February 5, 2020

Fully Printed Thermogalvanic Modules for Low-Grade Energy Harvesting.

Pedro Candiotto de Oliveira¹, Naveed Ul Hassan Alvi², Najmeh Zahabi¹

¹Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden.

ACS Applied Energy Materials

|September 12, 2025

Summary

Researchers developed a fully printed thermogalvanic module (TGM) for efficient low-grade heat harvesting. This scalable technology enables flexible, sustainable energy conversion for ambient heat applications.

Keywords:

low-grade thermal energy harvesting scalability screen-printing sustainability thermogalvanic cell thermogalvanic module

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Published on: August 30, 2024

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Energy Conversion
Sustainable Technology

Background:

Thermogalvanic cells offer a sustainable route for low-grade heat energy harvesting.
Challenges in modular integration and manufacturability hinder practical applications.
Need for scalable and cost-effective fabrication methods for thermogalvanic systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a fully printed thermogalvanic module (TGM) for scalable ambient heat harvesting.
To demonstrate an additive fabrication strategy for complex thermogalvanic architectures.
To assess the performance of the printed TGM in terms of thermopower and output power.

Main Methods:

Utilized screen printing for hybrid current collectors and activated carbon electrodes.
Integrated an adhesive sealing layer and laser-drilled spacer for module assembly.
Employed a fully additive and scalable fabrication strategy, avoiding traditional stacking and wiring.
Tested a 36-cell TGM using widely available aqueous electrolytes.

Main Results:

Achieved a reproducible thermopower of 38 mV K⁻¹.
Demonstrated a peak output power of 9 μW under a 14 K temperature difference.
Successfully fabricated a complex, multi-cell thermogalvanic module using an additive approach.

Conclusions:

The developed fully printed TGM presents a practical pathway for large-area ambient heat harvesting.
The additive fabrication strategy overcomes limitations in modular integration and manufacturability.
This technology holds potential for integration into flexible and wearable energy platforms.