Functional regulatory mechanisms of circRNAs in bovine adipogenesis

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) represent a distinct category of endogenous non-coding RNAs, distinguished by their covalently closed-loop structure, which imparts remarkable stability and tissue-specific expression. Historically perceived as less prevalent than linear RNAs, recent findings indicate that circRNAs are integral to various biological processes. A well-documented function of circRNAs is their capacity to serve as microRNA (miRNA) sponges; however, recent investigations have revealed their participation in protein interactions and the potential for translation into functional peptides, thereby broadening their functional scope. Researchers have found that circRNAs play a big role in controlling the growth of adipose tissue in cattle, but we still don't fully understand the complex networks and downstream pathways they affect. This review aims to consolidate existing knowledge and provide new insights into the mechanistic roles of circRNAs in bovine adipogenesis, highlighting their effects on preadipocyte proliferation, differentiation, and lipid metabolism. To address this gap, a systematic literature search was performed utilizing databases such as ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science to gather recent advancements in circRNA research pertinent to bovine adipogenesis. Key areas of focus include circRNA biogenesis and function, circRNA-mediated regulation of adipogenesis, molecular signaling pathways, epigenetic modifications, and the functional diversity of adipogenic regulation. This comprehensive review synthesizes current findings, identifies knowledge gaps, and delineates future research trajectories, particularly concerning the regulatory networks and downstream effectors associated with circRNAs. By elucidating the molecular mechanisms that underlie circRNA function in bovine adipogenesis, this review contributes to the fields of molecular biology, agricultural biotechnology, and veterinary science. Additionally, it highlights the potential of circRNAs as innovative biomarkers and therapeutic targets for enhancing cattle adipose tissue composition and meat quality, thereby establishing a foundation for future translational research in livestock genetics and metabolic regulation.